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- <text id=89TT1689>
- <title>
- June 26, 1989: A Monster Brought To Life
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- June 26, 1989 Kevin Costner:The New American Hero
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- BOOKS, Page 83
- A Monster Brought to Life
- </hdr><body>
- <p>By Patricia Blake
- </p>
- <qt> <l>LET HISTORY JUDGE</l>
- <l>by Roy Medvedev</l>
- <l>Translated by George Shriver</l>
- <l>Columbia University; 903 pages; $57.50</l>
- </qt>
- <p> When Roy Medvedev's momentous study of Stalinism, Let History
- Judge, was first published in the West in 1971, readers marveled.
- How could a Soviet citizen, laboring in Russia, have produced a
- work so rich in documentation, so scrupulous as scholarship and,
- above all, so harrowingly vivid in its recounting of the calamities
- inflicted by Stalin on his country? In the West there was nothing
- to rival it in scope. In the Soviet Union, where the book
- circulated among scholars, it restored a long-abandoned standard
- of professional integrity to Soviet historiography. As one Russian
- practitioner lamented, "Stalin beat out of us the capacity to think
- independently and to doubt, without which there is no search for
- truth."
- </p>
- <p> Medvedev paid a stern price for publishing his book abroad. He
- was threatened with arrest, and his files were seized by the KGB
- in 1971 and again in 1975. His phone was cut off for a year, and
- all his international mail was confiscated until 1987. Still, many
- witnesses to Stalin's crimes, heartened by news of the book,
- offered Medvedev a bonanza of new information. Old Bolsheviks who
- had suffered at the dictator's hands came to Medvedev's Moscow
- apartment to bring him the unpublished memoirs they had squirreled
- away in despair. Victims of the Great Terror and their friends and
- relatives told him of their personal ordeals. A host of young
- researchers volunteered to hunt for Stalin-era documents in the
- official archives to which Medvedev had been denied access. After
- the author's twin brother Zhores, a distinguished biochemist and
- author, was exiled in 1973, he managed to send Roy from Britain
- scores of important works of Western Sovietology that were
- unavailable in Russia.
- </p>
- <p> Now, after reading, reflecting, rewriting and adding 100,000
- words, Medvedev has turned Let History Judge into virtually a new
- book. Coincidentally, Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost has
- nudged the door ajar for its publication in the Soviet Union;
- abbreviated versions of four chapters were printed early this year
- in the magazine Znamya. Last month Medvedev came even closer to
- acceptance in his homeland when he was elected to both the new
- Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet, the nation's
- parliament.
- </p>
- <p> Medvedev likes to quote another historian, Jules Michelet, who
- defined his profession as "the action of bringing things back to
- life." Scarcely anyone does that better than Medvedev. All existing
- portraits of Stalin, even one drawn by a great novelist like
- Alexander Solzhenitsyn, seem bland in comparison with the real-life
- killer who charges through the pages of Let History Judge. Although
- the statistics amassed by Medvedev are overwhelming -- he
- conservatively estimates that no fewer than 5 million Soviet
- citizens were arrested from 1936 through 1938 -- it is the telling
- human detail that brings alive Stalin's wickedness.
- </p>
- <p> Medvedev shows the dictator and his secret-police chief during
- the Great Terror as they sat for hours hunched over the lists of
- hundreds of names Stalin would okay for execution, one by one,
- before the working day ended. Stalin was fond of lavishing kindness
- on his friends, even as he meticulously planned their arrests,
- torture, trials and death. When one high official, I.A. Akulov,
- received a near fatal concussion while skating, Stalin rushed
- foreign doctors to the U.S.S.R. to treat him. As soon as the skater
- recovered, Stalin had him shot.
- </p>
- <p> Members of the dictator's entourage were always at risk. On
- Stalin's orders, the wife of Mikhail Kalinin was arrested and
- tortured while her husband continued to serve as the country's
- titular President. The wives of Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov
- and of Stalin's personal secretary Alexander Poskrebyshev were also
- imprisoned. Meanwhile, the secretary endured other kinds of hell.
- "One New Year's Eve," Medvedev recounts, "Stalin rolled pieces of
- paper into little tubes and put them on Poskrebyshev's fingers.
- Then he lit them in place of New Year's candles. Poskrebyshev
- writhed in pain but did not dare take them off."
- </p>
- <p> How could such a monster gain absolute ascendancy over the
- Soviet Union? In this book Medvedev backs away from his earlier
- position that Stalinism was essentially an aberration on the road
- to a more benevolent Communism envisioned by Lenin. The historian
- has re-examined the totalitarian system created by Lenin and now
- suspects that Stalinism sprang from Leninism, as many American
- Sovietologists have concluded. Though Medvedev never fully
- confronts this issue, he emphatically makes one crucial point: when
- Lenin banned all opposition groups and factions in 1921, the
- ensuing one-party dictatorship was "a very important condition for
- Stalin's usurpation of power." Addressing the readers he ultimately
- hopes to reach, the Soviet people, he warns that "if socialism is
- not combined with democracy, it can become a breeding ground for
- new crimes."
- </p>
- <p> Medvedev's assertions point straight to Gorbachev's fundamental
- problem: how to realize the "democratization" he has proclaimed
- within the totalitarian institutions of the one-party Soviet state.
- Unfortunately, it is not in the power of even so perspicacious a
- historian as Medvedev to resolve that fateful dilemma. Perhaps that
- is why he has become, at 63, a fledgling parliamentarian.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-